James Carter essays

James Carter expositions Hi, my name is James Earl Carter, Jr. As you could conceivably know, I was the leader of the United States for one term (four years). I like to think those four years of administration; I achieved a lot of things that may have influenced your life. Be that as it may, Ill simply let you choose whether or not I had an effect on the lives if residents by perusing what I need to state about what I achieved in my vocation. I trust that you can take in something from what I need to let you know. I, James Earl Carter (otherwise called Jimmy Carter) was conceived on October first, 1924 in Plains, Georgia. In the early years before I was president, I was a notable nut rancher who wanted to dream and discuss legislative issues and my dedication to the Baptist confidence. I moved on from the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1946 and Married Rosalyn Smith whom I had four kids with. There were three young men (John William, James Earl III, Donnell Jeffery) and one young lady (Amy Lynn). In 1971 I got my first genuine government-related occupation. I turned into the 76th legislative head of Georgia. While I was in office as the senator, my kindred governors from the encompassing states prescribed me to be director of the Southern Regional Educational Board, the Appalachian Regional Commission, the Coastal Plains Regional Action Planning Commission, and the Southern Growth Policies Board. In 1973, I turned into the Democratic National Committee crusade director for the 1974 congressional decisions. At that point, on December twelfth, 1974, I declared that I was going to run in the political race for the leader of the United States for the Democratic Party. I won the anthem for my gathering and on November second, 1976, I was chosen President of the United States. I attempted my hardest to do as well as could be expected at being president and I feel that I achieved many things. I dont need to seem like I like to brag, yet I m going to disclose to you some significant things that were done whi... <!

Reforms in Australian Education Industry for Australian Government

Question: Examine about theReforms in Australian Education Industry for Australian Government. Answer: So as to increment monetary status of a nation, changes in the instruction part can be named as obligatory. In setting to the Australian instruction industry, changes are unavoidable as it is one of the developing ventures in the nation (Coombe, 2015). In the Federal Budget, the Australian government needs to audit the changes that can have a critical effect on the segment. In the paper article, the writer, Bexley (2017) checked on the pre-spending declaration coordinated towards the advanced education framework in Australia. In the in the interim, Simon Birmingham, the Australian Education Minister expressed that advanced education would be costlier in the following not many years as the legislature had chosen to build the instruction expenses of the advanced education by 1.8 percent every year from 2018 to 2021 (Bexley, 2017). By the audit of the chose paper article, it is clear that the most recent training changes in the advanced education framework will make an unfavorable effect on the understudies looking for advanced education in Australia as the ascent in college expenses for degree course will include fiscal weight the understudies (Gamage Shangwu, 2016). Under the changes, the Australian government chose to diminish the weight of instruction subsidizing as the commitment of the understudies had been expanded in the Federal Budget (Bexley, 2017). In this specific investigation, the issue of the change and financial effect of the choice have been talked about. Because of late alteration in the Australian advanced education framework, Australian college understudies will presently need to pay $2,000 to $ 3,600 more for a degree course in contrasted with the past sum. The adjustment in the advanced education subsidizing has constrained the understudies to pay expanded charges (Bexley, 2017). Then again, the compensation time frame for training advance taken under the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) will likewise be decreased. Plainly, expanded expenses of the advanced education imply that the understudies need to acquire more cash and reimburse the advance in shorter time. Also, the proficiency profit has been incorporated that means 2.8 percent cuts for financing in instruction in 2018 and 2019 (Bexley, 2017). Absolutely, the instruction change strategy will profit the legislature of Australia as the administration can spare a generous measure of assets spent on the advanced education framework. As per the reports, the training financing will be decreased by AU$ 380 million by 2019 (Bexley, 2017). In the interim, the cuts of subsidizing will likewise affect the progressing research extends in the advanced education. Because of ascend in expenses and subsidizing cuts, various employment cuts can be found in the colleges (El-Khawas, 2014). In the following segment, the effect of the expanded charges of the advanced education on the Australian economy has been illustrated. The Australian Education industry is probably the most elevated supporter of GDP in the economy. Nonetheless, the greatest extent of the income originates from worldwide training as Australia is one of the most alluring goals for higher examinations over the globe (Halsall, 2013). As indicated by the most recent ten years measurements, the monetary commitment of global instruction in Australia has bit by bit expanded in the advanced education segment of the economy. A chart has been introduced thus underneath for additional comprehension: Figure: Economic Contribution of International Education in Australia (Figures in Billions) Source: (Gornitzka, Kogan Amaral, 2017) It tends to be seen from the above figure that the economy has earned around $21.97 billion of every 2016 from global training. Besides, advanced education records to contribute around $15.13 billion of the aggregate sum in 2016. Thus, it very well may be seen that Australian Government is exceptionally subject to International Education Service for keep up a financial equalization in the country (Teichler, Enders Fulton, 2016). In any case, it is normal that the ascent in the cost of training in Australia because of the arrangement changes will bit by bit sway the amount requested for the global instruction. By applying the hypothesis of interest, it tends to be obviously observed that the ascent in the cost will contrarily affect the amount requested for advanced education in the country. Then again, it is imperative to remember that instruction is a vital assistance that can't be subbed. Consequently, the interest for training is inelastic in nature. At the end of the day, a higher addition in the cost for instruction will affect the amount requested in the division by a littler sum. In this manner, the income increased because of the expansion in cost will be higher than the income misfortune because of the fall in the interest (Turpin, 2016). Be that as it may, the fall in the interest for worldwide training will exceptionally affect different enterprises because of the decline in the quantity of universal understudy. Also, the weight over the understudy to reimburse the training credit will expand that will impact them to finish their advanced education in some other country. Based on the above investigation, it very well may be unmistakably observed that the approach changes made by the Australian Government in the instruction segment will move towards a negative bearing in the up and coming years. It is recommended to the legislature to roll out important improvements in the training business by presenting most recent innovation and give different advantages to the understudies (Mauch Sabloff, 2015). Serious arrangements can be offered to the understudies and better credit plans can offered so as to moderate the present issues of the financial changes in the Australian training division. The above conversation and survey of the article have introduced how the advanced education changes of Australian government will affect the understudies and showing framework in the nation. Accurately, advanced education expenses have constrained the understudies to contribute higher. Because of situation, understudies need to acquire more cash to meet their college charges. Likewise, the lower restitution time of credit proposes that understudies need to reimburse the advance sum in a lesser time allotment. On the opposite side, as the commitment of the understudies have been expanded in the advanced education and financing cuts are proposed in the training framework, the legislature will set aside generous cash to be put resources into different areas. References Bexley, E. (2017).Higher training change: little changes for the time being nevertheless enormous ones to come.The Conversation. Recovered August 2017, from https://theconversation.com/advanced education change little changes-for the time being however large ones-to-come-76978 Coombe, L. (2015). Australian advanced education changes unification or diversification?.Journal Of Higher Education Policy And Management,37(2), 125-143. El-Khawas, E. (2014).Reform activities in higher education(4th ed.). Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education. Gamage, D., Shangwu, Z. (2016). A Study on Recent Reforms, Current Issues and Policies Within the Australian and Chinese Systems of Higher Education.Education And Society,21(2), 19-35. Gornitzka, A., Kogan, M., Amaral, A. (2017).Reform and change in higher education(5th ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. Halsall, J. (2013). Conveying Higher Education Policies inside a Challenging Community.Higher Education Studies,3(2). Mauch, J. Sabloff, P. (2015).Reform and change in advanced education. (seventh ed.) New York: Garland Pub. Teichler, U., Enders, J., Fulton, O. (2016).Higher instruction in a globalizing world(6th ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Turpin, T. (2016). Scholastic research assessment in Australia: a few ramifications of proposed advanced education reforms.Research Evaluation,9(1), 37-46.

Unique Modified Threaded Commenting System V1 for Blogger Templates

Unique Modified Threaded Commenting System V1 for Blogger Templates We have seen many templates with built-in threaded comment system. But some templates has very simple commenting system that looks ordinary. So to beautifying your threaded commenting system I am just sharing a piece of code that will help to make your commenting system awesome. You can see BloggerSpice commenting system that I have modified. It is just like spiceupyourblog commenting system. And I have modified it with different and stylish looks. Hope you will like it. Ok to change your default threaded commenting system just follow the below steps. Live Demo Step 1Log in to your Blogger Account and Go to yourBlogger Dashboard Step 2Now click on - Template - Edit HTML Step 3Now Find this code]]/b:skinby pressingCtrl+F Step 4Copy the below code and Paste it Before/above]]/b:skin /*Threaded Comment Widget By www.bloggerspice.com*/ #comments { padding:10px; } #comments h4{display:inline;padding:10px;line-height:40px} #comments h4,.comments .comment-header,.comments .comment-thread.inline-thread .comment{position:relative} #comments h4{background:#1aa1e2;} #comments h4,.comments .user a,.comments .continue a{font-size:16px} #comments h4,.comments .continue a{font-weight:normal;color:#fff} #comments h4:after{content:";position:absolute;bottom:-10px;left:10px;border-top:10px solid #1aa1e2;border-right:20px solid transparent;width:0;height:0;line-height:0} h4#comment-post-message { display:none; } #comments-block { margin:1em 0 1.5em; line-height:1.6em; } #comments-block .comment-author { margin:.5em 0; } #comments-block .comment-body { margin:.25em 0 0; } #comments-block .comment-footer { margin:-.25em 0 2em; line-height:1.4em; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:.1em; } #comments-block .comment-body p { margin:0 0 .75em; } .comment .avatar-image-container { border:1px solid #B22400;-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -ms-border-radius: 5px; -o-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; max-height:60px; margin-top:-10px; width:60px; position:relative; z-index:70; border:4px double #1aa1e2;-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -ms-border-radius: 5px; -o-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.1),0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); -moz-box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.1),0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); -webkit-box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.1),0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.1),0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); } .comments .comments-content { padding:5px; font-size:11px; } .comment .comment-block { margin-left:75px !important; min-height:84px; text-align:left; } .comment .comment-header { background:none repeat scroll 0 0 #80C8FE;-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -ms-border-radius: 5px; -o-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color:#333; font-size:12px; font-weight:normal; margin-left:60px; } .comment .comment-header a { color:#fff !important; text-decoration:none; } .comment .comment-content { background:none repeat scroll 0 0 #BFE3FE; border-bottom:2px solid #1aa1e2; font-size:12px; margin:0 0 30px; padding:5px 5px 10px 10px; text-align:left; } .comment .comment-actions a { color:#860000; display:inline-block; line-height:1; margin:0 3px; padding:3px 6px !important; text-decoration:none; } .comment-header cite { background:none repeat scroll 0 0 #E60066;-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -ms-border-radius: 5px; -o-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; color:#fff;border: 2px solid white; padding:2px 5px; position:relative; z-index:99; margin-left:-20px; } cite.blog-author { background:none repeat scroll 0 0 #490077 !important;-webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -ms-border-radius: 5px; -o-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; } .icon.blog-author { display:none !important; background:url(") no-repeat scroll 0 0; margin-left:90px; width:60px !important; height:60px !important; position:absolute; right:5px; bottom:5px; top:10px; } .comment .comment-header { color:#333; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; } .comment .avatar-image-container img { border:medium none !important; height:60px !important; width:60px !important; max-height:60px !important; max-width:60px !important; } .comment .comment-actions a { -webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -ms-border-radius: 5px; -o-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; background:none repeat scroll 0 0 #1aa1e2 !important; color:#FFF !important; display:inline-block !important; line-height:1 !important; margin-top:-10px !important; margin-right:2px !important; padding:3px 6px !important; text-decoration:none !important; font-size:14px; } .comment .comment-actions a:hover { background:#860000 !important; text-decoration:none !important; } .comments { font-size:1em; color:#000; } .comments .continue a { -webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -ms-border-radius: 5px; -o-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; background:none repeat scroll 0 0 #FF3300 !important; color:#FFF !important; display:inline !important; line-height:1 !important; margin-top:10px !important; margin-right:2px !important; padding:3px 6px !important; font-size:13px; } .comments .continue a:hover { background:#860000 !important; color:#FFF; text-decoration:none; } .item-control { display:inline-block; } .comments .continue { border-top:2px solid transparent !important; } #comment-editor { width:103% !important; } .comment-form { width:100%; max-width:100%; } .comments .thread-toggle { margin-bottom:10px; } .comments .comment-thread.inline-thread .comment { margin:0 0 5px 15%; } Step 5NowSave the templates and check your templates new stylish commenting system. Customization: Change all Highlighted color from Above according to your own taste. Get the color code from Here. #BFE3FE; Change this color code to change the comment body color. #80C8FEChange this for time and date holder background color. #E60066 Change this for Commentators name holder background color. #490077Change this for Author Name Holder background color.

Motives for British Imperialism in Africa Essay - 5613 Words

Motives for British Imperialism in Africa Before the Europeans began the New Imperialism in Africa, very little was known about the inner parts of the continent. However, after some explorers delved deeper into the heart of Africa, the Europeans soon realized how economically important this area was, and how much they could profit from it. At the time, Britain had only small occupations of land in Africa, but after they realized that they could make money from the rich resources from the inner regions of Africa, they wanted to invade the African countries and take over. This led to the scramble and ultimately, the partition of Africa. During the Age of Imperialism, from 1870-1914, Britain was a major country, which proved to be true†¦show more content†¦However, money ran short, and he was unable to pay off the loans he had due. Therefore, in order to pay off his debts, he was forced to sell portions of the canal to Britain and remained to do so until the British gained control of it. This is example is directly rel ated to the most important reason of British imperialism, economic, as will be discussed in the second to last paragraph. The exploratory reasons was perhaps the least significant, however it did play a somewhat important reason in British imperialism. Before the Age of Imperialism, the inner parts of Africa’s landmass were not familiar to Britain, and other countries. Numerous expeditions of explorers revealed much of the geographical features of this continent. In this category, the name of the most influential figure of exploration must be mentioned, and that was Dr. David Livingstone of Britain. He was the most famous and recognized explorer-missionary. David Livingstone became the first of explorers to enter the depths of inner Africa. He took notes of all his accounts and opinions of what went on. With a more accurate land recognization, it made it easier for the British to go into Africa and take over. The ideological reasons for the Age of Imperialism pertained to all of the European countries. However, Britain was the most influential, because they were strongest. They believed that they were the superiority of the worldShow MoreRelatedMotives for British Imperialism in Africa5664 Words   |  23 PagesMotives for British Imperialism in Africa Before the Europeans began the New Imperialism in Africa, very little was known about the inner parts of the continent. However, after some explorers delved deeper into the heart of Africa, the Europeans soon realized how economically important this area was, and how much they could profit from it. At the time, Britain had only small occupations of land in Africa, but after they realized that they could make money from the rich resources from the inner regionsRead MoreMotives That Contributed to Imperialism732 Words   |  3 PagesMOTIVES THAT CONTRIBUTED TO IMPERIALISM Imperialism is defined in the dictionary as being a The policy of extending a nations authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations (p 681 American Heritage college Dictionary). Usually people associate imperialism as being the domination of a small country by a larger, more powerful country, usually to the advantage of the larger country. At the beginning of the nineteenth century most of theRead MoreHow Did Imperialism Effect The Areas Of Africa, China, And India?1615 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Imperialism How did imperialism effect the areas of Africa, China, and India? Imperialism is the act of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation. There are many reasons why imperialism occurs, including motives from an economic standpoint, as well as just a way to show and achieve power. There were both positive and negative effects to imperialism, with the loss of many original citizens, but gaining different ways of life through cultural diffusion. For instance, many EuropeanRead MoreImperialism And Its Impact On The Domestic Institutions Of Africa Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism, when one country dominates another for its own benefit, is an expansion policy that has reigned for centuries. Over time, imperialism has drastically changed in its magnitude and severity. At the turn of the nineteenth century, a â€Å"new,† more aggressive and competitive form of imperialism emerged and completely dismantled the domestic institutions of various developing countries. Africa in the nineteenth century is a prime example of the â€Å"ne w† imperialism in effect. How was Africa affectedRead MoreNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 33 Notes * Foundations of empire * Motives of imperialism * Modern imperialism * Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands * Domination achieved through trade, investment, and business activities * Two types of modern colonialism * Colonies ruled and populated by migrants * Colonies controlled by imperial powers without significant settlement * Economic motives of imperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personalRead MoreThe War Of The Colonial Expansion1472 Words   |  6 PagesFriedrich Fabri is in favor of the colonial expansion because he believes it will be quite beneficial for their economy and national development. His view on the motives for the imperialism is that it will be economic and political. Fabri states in his article, â€Å"Many things in the new nation are already made bitter through unproductive political quarreling, soured and poisoned, so that the notification of a new promising course of national development will produce a liberating effect, as the nationalRead MoreA New Concept Of Foreign Affairs1477 Words   |  6 Pagescentury a new concept of foreign affairs was introduced to Asia and Africa: New Imperialism. New Imperialism began in the 19th century when Europeans, mainly Great Britain, began colonizing Asia and Africa. Europeans used military, political, and economic power to take over weaker countries. I mperialism had an overall negative effect on the indigenous people of Asia and Africa. Economic motives were a major cause of New Imperialism. By the late 1870’s countries were industrializing rapidly. GreatRead MoreThe Colonization Of Africa During The Late Nineteenth Century936 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region for economic, political, or social reasons. This type of foreign policy was practiced by European nations throughout the 1800s and early 1900s. Began in 1870s, Europeans started to colonize Asia and Africa by using military force to take control of local governments and exploited local economies for raw materials required by Europe’s growing industry. The takeover of Africa during the late nineteenth century has been knownRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1305 Words   |  6 PagesKashif Qureshi Western Civilization II 4/18/2016 Question #1 Imperialism is when a country is extending it’s influence by acquiring other governments or territories through diplomacy or military force.There are many motives for imperialism attributed to the different characters in â€Å"The Heart of Darkness† by Joseph Conrad. For example the men who work for the Company describe what they do as trade, and their treatment of native Africans is part of a humane project of civilization. But what theseRead MoreImperialism in South Africa1078 Words   |  5 PagesDuring Imperialistic times South Africa was a region of great resources that was greatly disputed over (Ellis). Europe’s main goal during these times was to compete against each other and played a â€Å"game† of which country can imperialize more African countries than the other. Imperialism was a curse to South Africa, because many wars, laws, and deaths were not necessary and would not have happened if South Africa were not imperialized. Imperialism is the domination by one country of political, economic

The Belief And Attitude Toward New Technology - 978 Words

3. Individual difference among teachers 3.1 Belief and attitude toward new technology Previous research demonstrates that a teacher’s teaching philosophy, attitude toward new technology and teaching style will affect the effectiveness of technology integration in education (Demetriadis et al., 2003). Among potential influential factors, teachers’ attitude is one of the critical variables discriminating the successful technology integration and the unsuccessful one. With same teaching level, teachers holding a more positive attitude toward the role of new technology in education are expected to generate more successful and useful integration. This argument is in line with the study of Wood, Mueller, Willoughby, Specht and DeYoung (2005). The result of this study (Mueller et al., 2008) shows that both elementary and secondary teachers who scored high in considering new computer technology as useful and productive instructional tools is more likely to score high in the integrating. Similar to this study, another research shows that teachers’ attitude to technology, especially whether they can see the value of implement it into education is one of the chief predictors in technology using (Wozney, Venkatesh Abrami, 2006). On top of teachers’ attitude, teachers’ pedagogical belief to technology is another predictor that people cannot ignore. Acknowledging the educational value of new technology using in education can be considered as the prerequisite of successful technologyShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Old Traditional News Platform And Mobile News Application1246 Words   |  5 Pagesthe mobile phones and most of the times titled as ‘the new service frontier’. They provide the functions that are over the individuals need for communication. Past studies shows the corresponding and non-corresponding effects of new technology. This made it important to consider the interplay between old traditional news platform and mobile news application. For example, mostly corresponding effects were seen between the old and new technology under user-centric approach whereas non-correspondingRead MoreTechnology Acceptance Model From Fishbein And Ajzens ( 1975 )1468 Words   |  6 Pages2.4. Technology Acceptance Model This model was adopted from Fishbein and Ajzen’s (1975) work that distinguished the attitude toward an object (Ao) and the attitude toward using an object (Ab). Ao is defined as an individual assessment of a certain attitude object while Ab is define as a personal evaluation to the action of using a particular attitude object. The model was introduced by Davis (1989) to assess the acceptance from employees toward electronic mail (e-mail) over typewriter. The e-mailRead MoreCognitive Based And Affective Based Attitude Towards The Samsung Family Hub Smart Fridge1691 Words   |  7 Pagesand affective-based attitude towards the Samsung Family Hub Smart Fridge. Information is collected from the selected marketing stimuli for evaluation. Discussing these two attitudes, effectiveness of strategies the company used is evaluated. This essay includes my actual attitude towards product. In final part, recommendations are made. In cognitive-based attitude, direct or imagined experience, reasoning by analogy, values-driven attitude, analytical processes of attitude construction and TORARead MoreHan And Roman Perspective Of Technology1375 Words   |  6 PagesPerspective of Technology The Han and Roman people were two different societies during the classical period. The documents highlighted Han and Roman attitudes towards technology. The Han documents displayed excerpts from it’s people that explain how the Han people relied on technology daily and respected the inventors of the technology. The Roman documents portrayed the Romans weak reliance on technology, however they do emphasize a beauty to the aesthetic side of technology. Han China’s attitude towardsRead MoreThe Explosion Of Technology On The Education Scene1667 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition of key Terminology/Background The explosion of technology on the education scene in the past few decades has been enormous. Toward the end of 20th century, one of the most frequent suggestions educational leaders made for improving schools was the integration of technology into teaching and learning processes (Henson, 2010, p.63). Mercelle (2000) defined ICT as â€Å"complex and heterogeneous set of good applications and services used for producing, distributing, processing and transformingRead MoreChina s Impact On China1181 Words   |  5 Pagesgeography and the belief of being self-sufficient, China struggled to transition to experiment-cum-science-based invention as well as rejecting the opportunity to create bonds and capital markets with other nations. Background/Importance China’s backwardness was caused by its labor-intensive system as well as its attitude toward globalization. Because of the labor-intensive industries, China lacked the experience of institutional innovation and was unfitted for intensive technology innovation. DuringRead More Technology and Older Adults Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology and Older Adults It is commonly believed that older people are uncomfortable with new forms of technology and that they are more resistant to using technology than are younger people. This belief often places older people at a disadvantage, because designers fail to consider older people as a potential user group when designing technology, both software and hardware (Parsons, Terner, Kersley, 1994). Another misconception is that the elderly are unable to learn new skills. OlderRead MorePopping Up. The Business Week.Com Indicates Banner Advertisements1172 Words   |  5 Pagesfor an average of 0.04% times (400 clicks for each one million pages) Usually Facebook users are aged 25 and older who are quick in adapting the social interacting sites. AOL Platforms’ study reveals that YouTube is influential at both introducing new products and allocate to close the sale in the last stage. Facebook is the second best platform for introducing and purchasing, with Google+ coming in third. Interestingly, it has been noticed that social networking sites in particular Youtube and FacebookRead MoreThe Impact Of Ict On Effective Use Of Ict1246 Words   |  5 Pagesquestionnaires were invalid, 67.5%(166) was a valid responses under students’ attitude towards ICT and their belief regarding its usefulness and 32.5%(80) questionnaires were invalid, 91.5%(225) was a valid response under students’ knowledge in different aspects of ICT and 8.5%(21) questionnaires were invalid. The following likert scale interpretation was used in evaluating the students’ skills, knowledge and attitudes on effective use of ICT. Figure 2 shows that mean score was 3.21 and standardRead MoreHow Technology Affects The Way Consumers Make Decisions1436 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the use of technology. More so, a consumer is exposed to many facets even when sometimes they are unaware of this. Technology affects the way consumers make decisions because there are many choices exposed to them. Certain consumers may have different psychographic, geographic and demographic behaviours. Marketers cannot make one product or service and cater to all of their needs. In today’s society, being a marketer there are various challenges they face. Firstly, technology is seen as an inactive

The Lady Tasting Te Summary - 1124 Words

The Lady Tasting Tea: Summary of the book The lady tasting tea takes the reader on a fascinating trip in the history of the statistical revolution. The contributions of many brilliant minds to the field of statistics as well as their personal lives and historical perspectives were described. The story began in a sunny afternoon in Cambridge in the 1920s. A group of scientists was having a tea party when a lady claimed that there was a difference in taste between the cups where tea was poured into milk and the cups where milk was poured into tea. Sir Ronald Fisher who became a famous statistician suggested an experiment to test the lady’s hypothesis. The story then goes to the 1890s when the statistical revolution started. Karl Pearson was considered by many as the founder of mathematical statistics. Pearson discovered the skew distributions stating that they would cover any type of data scatter and he described these distributions by four numbers; mean, standard deviation, kurtosis and symmetry. Later a Polish mathematician, Jerzy Neyman showed that Pearson’s skew distributions can not be used to explain all possible distributions. Sir Francis Galton who discovered fingerprints was also interested in statistics and he founded a biometrical laboratory to mea sure height and weights in families to find a mathematical formula that predict the height of children from the heights of their parents. He described regression to the mean where heights of the children moved away fromShow MoreRelatedMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the

Effectiveness of Social Media Marketing

Question: Analysethe effectiveness of social media marketing. Answer: Introduction The article will analyze the effectiveness of social media marketing. The brand awareness and how it would be successfully generated will be discussed. The analysis will be done to achieve the required analysis and results. The qualitative method shall be utilized to identify the characteristics of the research (Maloney, 2012). The methods will also discuss the nature and quality of variables, reasons and trends. It would help to evaluate the problem or a specific glory to illustrate data. The aim of the research will be to discuss, analyze and evaluate the features and dimensions of the glory in a certain framework (Zhang, 2013). Data collection is needed to critically analyze the reasons and factors those control the problem. Qualitative analysis always focuses on giving quality output. The main idea behind the research was to justify the answers by quality analysis. Organization of the study Australian Bitter is an organization taken for the analysis. Their recent data are taken to effectively discuss the relevance. The study has met the requirements of the area of concern. The survey techniques are also used to demonstrate the approach more qualitatively. The recent data and profit level of these companies have been taken. The number of accounts and the usage time has been taken into consideration (Zhang, 2013). Several statistical packages have been applied for generating the result. The data have been taken by communication methods and the relevant data are taken by filtering process. Figure 1: Sponsoring Australian Cricket team Research Aim The aim of the research will be to discuss, analyze and evaluate the reasons and dimensions of the phenomenon in a specific method. Data collection is needed to critically analyze the reasons and factors those control the problem. Qualitative analysis always focuses on giving quality output. The main idea behind the research was to justify the answers by quality analysis. On the other hand, quantitative method is incorporated through primary data and secondary data analysis. These data were first filtered and then the best data are selected for analysis. Statistical packages are used for giving the result more dimension and truth. Formulas are used so that one can justify the results. The factorial analysis would help to draw a generalized conclusion (Rina, 2014). Research Objectives To study the efficiency of an Australian Bitter and its effectiveness through social media campaigning To analyze the importance of social media for launching the new media in social network To investigate the effectiveness of marketing and branding of the new introduction To analyze the importance of brand promotions for a new item introduced by Australian Bitter To scale the target audience for the new social media To predict the viability of the market To know how much the new social media can cater to the mass To generate an awareness and a fan community Research Questions What are the focus areas for growing a new product in social media? What are effects can be made by a new type of product in social media? How much a new medium can help a product of Australian bitter to connect to the mass? What is the knowledge required for developing social media ad for VB? How creativity and product development is related? What are various approaches can be used for introducing a new concept of social media? How a brand is created by the social media system? How much it takes to adapt to the existing market for a new product. Justification and potential output of the research project The research project is taken, as this topic is very relevant currently. The data analysis is done as the propaganda of many companies. The analysis can find the outcomes that would help the organizations for getting a clear image of how the media is helping them to create brand awareness. To develop a brand many firms are taking help of social sites. It is fast becoming a current trend (Creswell, 2013). The trend has justified it in every standard. The standards of promotions have now been more effective. The enterprises are doing more ads digitally. The emergence of digital media has a role to play in the current trend of Social media. The company like Australian Bitter is trying hard to influence the audiences. Several companies are also tying with them to display their products and services to the large audiences. There are 4.5 millions of people buy Australian Bitter (Creswell, 2013). The social networking organizations charge huge amount of money from the organizations to float their commercials in social sites. The potential output of the research topic is more prevalent nowadays. The output would answer lot of queries. The viewpoints of people and the companies can be understood from the research result. The relevance of the topic can give concrete advantage to the people stick to it (Maloney, 2012). Conceptual framework In short, from the above discussion it can be said that social media organizations have significant role in the development of creative market. The paper has reviewed several articles in order to reflect the idea of product development. The role of media has always been unquestionable. It has always given a huge inspiration to the area of product development and brand awareness. It has been found that the innovation is the key tool for developing a new product (Creswell, 2013). However, in has reviewed the performance of VB sized in various countries. It has also developed ideas on the way in which the enterprises can affect the creativity of the market. It has been found that social mediums have significant role in developing the brand image. The brand image can be made only after the company is visible well to the audiences. The companies like Australian Bitter are trying hard to influence the audiences. VB is also tying with them to display their products and services to the large audiences. There are 4.5 millions of people are loyal to Australian Bitter. The social networking organizations charge huge amount of money from the organizations to float their commercials in social sites. Nowadays Australian Bitter appears in every list of top ten fastest growing companies in the world. The framework they use to cater to the larger mass is very simple (Rosca, 2013). They have maintained simple approach for entering the household of common people. People all around the earth are now focusing on the social sites for anything. The useful methods are very common so that everyone can enjoy the benefits. The growing number of audiences and account opening has given the organizations like Australian Bitter a huge advantage in the market. The features and options have helped these networking sites to capture the interest of the mass. Earlier work forces were used to promote any brand and to create awareness. It used to take a lot of money from the company. If the process failed, the cost could lead the company to bankruptcy. Now the firms just only need to put their ads on any networking sites. They are now depending only on the media people for this work. For arranging the task and program, they are acquiring the service of handful of people within the organization. It has made enormous change in the cost structure of the company. They now invest less in brand promotions but attain larger benefits. Now the companies appoint role specific executives for promotions of their brand. These people use media tools and social medium to engage the customers to their product. They even create Australian Bitter web page for attaining viewership. It has given profits to the organizations in recent years. Research hypotheses H0: Creativity and social media marketing do not have any relations between them H1: Creativity and social media marketing have relations between them H0: Social media marketing is not effective for creating brand awareness H1: Social media marketing is effective for creating brand awareness Methodology The approach will be used through the qualitative method, along with quantitative method to analyze the crisis. A systematic analysis is needed to clarify the content that is appropriate for the research along with an easy entry. The analysis will be done to achieve the desired target and results. The qualitative method shall be utilized to identify the characteristics of the research. The methods will also discuss the nature and quality of variables, causes and trends. It will assist to address the problem or a specific glory to illustrate data (Raut, 2013). The aim of the research will be to investigate, analyze and evaluate the characteristics and dimensions of the phenomenon in a definite method. Data collection is needed to critically analyze the causes and factors those track the crisis. Qualitative research always focuses on giving quality output. The main idea behind the research was to justify the answers by quality analysis. On the other hand, quantitative method is incorpo rated through primary data and secondary data analysis. These data were first filtered and then the best data are selected for analysis. Statistical packages are used for giving the result more dimension and truth. Formulas are used so that one can justify the results. The factorial analysis would help to draw a generalized conclusion (Junco, 2012). The research methodology in the proposed research will be based on searching available literature. It will include quantitative data and qualitative methods to conduct the required analysis of the subject. The recommendation to the status quo would be done accordingly. Dependable and independent variables are taken to analyze the case better. Dependent variables are those which depends on certain parameters. Here the dependable variable can be the promotional tools for the product. The product is depending on the promotions and ads to get the viewership. If the ads can generate public interest then the product would sell. A product cannot attract customers on its own; it has to get the back up from the participants. On the other hand, independent variables are the ones, which depend on its own. These ones are having certain qualities to attain the audiences. The quality is an independent variable. A quality ad can always find the viewers in any circumstances. They can attract custome rs instantly. They do not depend on other things. Survey Method The survey is a method or technique to collect data and information on the subject issue. It can be taken by asking questions on a range of individuals or by a particular structure. It will look to the needed change and clarify the situation for initiating results. The recommendations would contribute to resolve the phenomenon (Fischer, 2015). Interviews Questions concerning the problem related to be gathered through personal interviews, e-mails, phone calls and customer focus groups. The design of the questionnaire form will follow several following steps. The theory-oriented questions should be clear, crisp and short Questions should be related to the targeted subject. The interviewer would need to ask the questions sequentially. Questions should reveal the sincerity of the answer. The questionnaire form should be verified by supervisors Questions should be free flowing. Testing part and sample part adjustments should be done if needed. The collected data that shall be displayed analyzed and interpreted by the obtained results. In case some of the forms were not filled or did not meet the research objectives should not be taken into consideration. The research shall include main objectives, statement of the relative importance, and descriptive statement about the vocabulary. Vocabulary will be subject to the conducted research. They together with the nature of the data that is collected will be needed. The style used in the assembly, the time to complete the survey shall be as per the purposed timetable. The detailed results need to include the initiatives and recommendations. These recommendations should base on key findings. The research shall apply the qualitative method to investigate the present situation. The research should always explore creative industries to generalize the findings. These findings need to find the potential growth, strength, development strategy and generate ideas for improving the quality of the result. The qualitative methodology shall be applied to illustrate the statistical contents. It will help to generate the findings. It would help to contribute in building the qualitative analysis over the assembled quantitative data. The research was done through one on one interview method. Equal importance was given to each questions and time limit was mentioned. The interviewer gave ample opportunities to the people to speak about what they think (Creswell, 2013). Limitation of the research The research could face some obstacles in collecting the required data. It is because some terminologies could be unknown. It should be translated to match the official authoritys language (Junco, 2012). Moreover, lack of official statistics related to the economic sectors in the state. Nevertheless, due to some diligence to represent a transparent understanding of the phenomenon it will be stated. The outcome will be reflected in the proposed research. The research has lacked in one particular area. The area is the relevance of the comments given by the sample people. The research was conducted in one or two particular areas. Therefore, it cannot give guaranty of the understanding and thoughts of people around the globe. It is impossible to generate data from every networking site, as there are some millions of networking sites growing day by day. The people and their activities have outnumbered many previous data programs. The supervisor and the data collection team cannot move aro und every area of the globe. Therefore, what the audiences in Africa or Asia think in this regard is hard to justify (Amelina, 2012). However, the data has given some knowledge about the whole outcome. There are many permutation combination can be formed by the sample data. A large set of data cannot always justify the answers and analysis. Therefore, a small but filtered data set is much useful to generate proper answers and findings of the topic. Analysis From the given literature, some analysis can be taken. The analysis can be a window for others to marketers to only to present products but to the customers also. The benefits from the above literature are, It can be a cost effective method to campaign through social sites for Australian Bitter. By doing so, the brand can cater to a larger audience. The world is now a global market place. Social media has been a platform where the brand can put his or her newly launched product to display to everyone. The involvement of media can regulate the segmentation clearly. The brand can take their newly launched product to the people they want to target. Various media types and communication systems should make a community. Making a community can give the brand a stronghold and they justify their product to others The sizable amount and volume of social circle and media nowadays has given an upright helping hand to the brands The brand should update their products and they should always make their customers feel that they are continuously with them. Togetherness often helps to bridge the gap. From the analysis we can find the effectiveness of social networking sites for brand awareness Conclusion The study of the subject has given a perfect insight on how to launch a new product to the market. The product should try to influence the customer in such a way that the customer can understand what the product is telling. The features and specialties should be there. In this regard, the social media tools are very effective. These tools can generate customer awareness. The medium has been a revolution in the modern times. It has highly demonstrated the effectiveness of the concept. The customers try to find the required data so the new product should be specific about the effective contents in it. Effective policy guidance and developing capacity building equipments are required to support convert local talent into crucial mechanism for creative industry and able to augment the sustainable employment; growth of the economy. It plays a crucial role in forming the development strategies, as growth in this industry is resulting into reduction in unemployment rate. Social media operate s in the creative industry. The portals and websites have merged the gap between the people. The reach has been more in these days. More and more people can get the details at one go (Bryman, 2015). The modern day leaders are depending on the social media and they are trying to involve their activities in this area more than before. The products of the creative industry require new ideas; creation; production and distribution. The distribution channel needs to be smart enough to enter any possible market place to sell the product. Product ornamentation should be specific and detailed. In this way, the new product can be categorized. The media concept especially the virtual media like social media has helped to organize the service method in a more constructive way. GANNT Chart The table timeline Task Name Start Day End Day Duration Project Proposal 19/08/2015 31/08/2015 12 Literature Review 1/09/2015 17/11/2015 78 Data Collection 18/11/2015 18/01/2016 60 Data Analysis 19/01/2016 17/02/2016 30 Final Report 18/02/2016 20/03/2016 31 Project Budget Purpose Estimated Amount to be spent Literature Review $1500 Data Collection $2500 Data Analysis $2000 Total Budget $6000 Budget Summary It is seen that the literature review portion is taking an amount of $1500. The online resources that are taken are not free of cost. The amount and the time duration show how long it has taken to complete. The data collection should be precise. To make the work purposefully the approach had to be structured. The travelling cost and the total expenditure is totaled. The total amount is showing $2500. Data analysis part is bit difficult (Junco, 2012). Data analysts were recruited for this purpose. They took a sizable amount to analyze the data. Software packages were bought for analysis. It is time taking and laborious job. It took around one month. The amount it took was $2000. Therefore, the total budget comes around $6000. References Amelina, A. (Ed.). (2012).Beyond methodological nationalism: Research methodologies for cross-border studies(Vol. 24). Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Cermak, R., Reznicek, V. (2014, November). The Implications of Visualization of Information on Marketing Management. InEuropean Conference on Management, Leadership Governance(p. 410). Academic Conferences International Limited. Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2013).Research methods in education. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating social resources on social network sites: Australian Bitter relationship maintenance behaviors and their role in social capital processes.Journal of Computer Mediated Communication,19(4), 855-870. Fischer, M. (2015). Kommunikationsmanagement I (6 LP). Junco, R. (2012). Too much face and not enough books: The relationship between multiple indices of Australian Bitter use and academic performance.Computers in Human Behavior,28(1), 187-198. Khandelwal, U., Yadav, S. K. (2014). Green Marketing and Sustainable Development: Marketing Professionals Attitude Towards Green Marketing.International Journal of Marketing Business Communication,3(1). Maloney, K. (2012).Interactive Marketing Strategies in Television Networks: Incorporating Satellite Media Tours in Twitter(Doctoral dissertation, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo). Mertens, D. M. (2014).Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. Sage Publications. Petty, N. J., Thomson, O. P., Stew, G. (2012). Ready for a paradigm shift? Part 2: Introducing qualitative research methodologies and methods.Manual therapy,17(5), 378-384. Raut, B. (2013). Marketing Planning: Feeniks Koulu. Rina, A. W. (2014). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Purchase Intention Melalui Social Media Marketing Terhadap Produk Frozen Yogurt Sour Sally di Surabaya. Robson, C., McCartan, K. (2016).Real world research. Wiley. Rosca, V. (2013). Systemic Relationship Marketing: Co-creating Sports Brand Equity with Fans and Other Stakeholders.Revista de Management Comparat International,14(3), 490. Rudolph, F. (2013). Successful Fashion and Lifestyle Blogs-The Business, Marketing and Benefits. Takhar-Lail, A., Ghorbani, A. (2015). Market Research Methodologies: Multi-Method and Qualitative. Toedt, M. (2013).Big DataChallenges for the Hospitality Industry. epubli. Wang, C., Karimi, S. (2014, July). Differences between social media and regulatory databases in adverse drug reaction discovery. InProceedings of the first international workshop on Social media retrieval and analysis(pp. 13-14). ACM. Yin, R. K. (2013).Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications. Young, A. (2014). Google and Australian Bitter. InBrand Media Strategy(pp. 7-14). Palgrave Macmillan US. Zander, J., Mosterman, P. J. (2012, December). Technical engine for democratization of modeling, simulations, and predictions. InSimulation Conference (WSC), Proceedings of the 2012 Winter(pp. 1-14). IEEE. Zhang, Y. (2013). Urban metabolism: a review of research methodologies.Environmental pollution,178, 463-473.

A Painless World free essay sample

As the health program continued on the television, describing the start of medicine developments starting from the traditional Chinese herbs, an excited tinge passed through my body. This feeling has remained ever since my trip to the future. The health care systems 100 years into the future were miraculous and unbelievable. The universal medicines that could cure hundreds of diseases were shocking. The techniques developed allowed life for millions of people. Their lives were perfect, with advanced cures and the cloning system, leaving only one threat to themUV disease. All the thoughts overwhelmed me, leading me back to my journey through time. Inside the pharmacy lay rows and rows of the same kind of medicine. There were only a few varieties. They were the â€Å"universal medicine† that were developed a few decades ago. One kind of universal medicine could cure close to 100 related diseases—the cures for multiple diseases were combined into merely one pill. We will write a custom essay sample on A Painless World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It could cure any illnesses that do not require surgeries, whether on the respiratory system, the digestive system, nasal, or any other parts of a body. It was available anywhere. Stacks of universal medicines could be found in people’s houses. The cause of the popularity was the convenience. The instructions were very straight forward and not recondite; just take the pill if your disease is listed on the box. The development of the universal medicine minimized the possible reasons for going to the hospital, resulting in the lower need of doctors. Not only did the medicine advance; the techniques used in medical care were like fantasies that came out of a Sci-Fi film. Lots of techniques were developed in the future, but only three stood out to me. One of them was the freezing technique. In any accident, an ambulance with a freezing machine would be arranged. It would freeze the badly injured patients to stop any further development of the wounds. When they reached the hospital, the patient would be unfrozen and doctors would start performing surgery or giving treatments. During the surgeries, another technique could be used. It was the â€Å"robotic technique†. Doctors would use robots during microsurgeries, which meant connecting small blood vessels or nerves to reattach body parts. The risk would be reduced to less than 1%. Finally, during any surgery, pain killers would be needed for certain. Painkillers have evolved over the century. In 2106, doctors inject cells that prevent the proteins in the body from detecting pain. With all the authentic developments, the people enjoyed long and painless lives. A normal person could live to at least 90 years old in 2106 because of advanced cures for diseases. A wealthy person could actually extend his or her life, though. By cloning, a person could live for as long as possible. But even though people found ways to elongate their lives, some diseases could never be cured by simply replacing a few organs or by cloning. Some recently developed diseases that were cureless were all caused by the strong UV rays, pollution, and water contamination. Because the ozone was badly damaged, UV rays became a great fear to all people. A person who caught the recently developed disease would be pronounced dead. Even though the cures for cancer and HIV were found, new diseases replaced them. But whether or not the new diseases were deadly, the improved developments stood a greater factor than anything else. The methods that seem impossible in 2006 were common in 2106. Any sicknesses could be cured instantaneously by merely one kind of medicine. Injuries could be frozen as easily as water could be, and robots that performed surgeries and cells that made everything painless seem like miracles. Even the average age lived became almost 15 years more! The only ways to die would be by the newly developed diseases or by becoming too old. With all the impossible technologies, a question came to my mind. Did the methods we use in 2006 seem impossible in 1906? If that was true, then what were the new techniques? That was something to look upon.

Management Assessment of Kudler Fine Food

Management Assessment of Kudler Fine Food Free Online Research Papers Since 1998, Kudler Fine Food (KFF) has established itself as one of the premier upscale epicurean stores in the greater San Diego area. Kathy Kudler, founder and president of KFF, established the first store in 1998 and launched two more within the next 5 years. KFF has a top-level team of directors and managers who are committed to the ongoing success and growth of the organization. This paper will identify the primary functions of management and KFF personnel who satisfy these functions, explore the role of information technology within the organization, and analyze KFF’s market using Porter’s Competitive Forces. Primary Functions of Management Planning and Strategizing One key function of management involves identifying organizational goals and developing a plan necessary to achieve these goals. This planning and strategizing requires a realistic assessment of the organization, including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and risks (Gomez, p5.). Kathy Kudler, having served as a vice-president of Marketing for a large defense contractor, is a proficient strategist. Her initial business plan led KFF to a profit within the first nine months of operation. Kathy and her department managers use forecasts to extrapolate past data into future projections (University of Phoenix, Supply Chain Overview). Organizing A company’s organizing function of management facilitates its resources. An effective organizer will arrange personnel, funds, physical assets, technical resources and information when working to achieve desired goals (Gomez, p.6). Harvey Stephens, the director of finance and accounting, demonstrated his organizing leadership style initiating the implementation a company-wide database. The director of store operations, Yvonne Reynolds, has also shown effective organizing management in managing the inventory, purchasing and logistics of each store. Leading Some leaders are very effective in motivating and empowering individuals to do their most capable work. The function of leading involves clear communication of corporate goals, employee motivation, and careful attention to working environment (Gomez, p. 6). Kathy Kudler demonstrated effective leadership by communicating her vision and KFF corporate goals to her executive management. Further leadership of Yvonne Reynold’s encouraged department managers to collaborate with there counterparts at other stores by comparing merchandise price, quality, and delivery. Controlling A controlling manager assesses the company goals, evaluates its direction, and unifies the direction and focus. This leader will measure performance and implement necessary changes while monitoring their progress (Gomez, p.6). As director of administration and human resources, Brenda Wagner develops policies and directs and coordinates human resource activities (University of Phoenix, Job Description). Because both operations and information systems management deal with specialized issues related to control (Gomez, p.6), it is reasonable to identify Harvey Stevens and Yvonne Reynolds as other chief controlling managers. Technology Management KFF management has successfully implemented information and technology management. A wide area network (WAN) allows each store real-time communication to effectively manage inventory and vendors. The La Jolla and Del Mar stores host two inventory servers that can communicate with each other and utilize information received from the point of sale (POS) servers at all three stores (University of Phoenix, Information Technology: Networks). The automated data transmission of the POS servers makes inventory management and control manageable. The POS system also allows for electronic payments. The KFF database stores information about customers, vendors, orders, and inventory. This data provides the executive team with key information when determining direction, developing strategies, and setting clear and focused goals. Finally, KFF can attract customers with a relevant and useful website, allowing customers to view store locations and products through simple one-click navigation. Five Forces of Porter’s Model According to economist and management strategist, Michael Porter, any organization can build a competitive advantage by understanding and focusing on five competitive forces. Because â€Å"competition is at the core of a firm’s success or failure† (Turner, p. 606), KFF management can develop key organizational strategies by assessing how each force currently affects KFF operations. Threat of Entry of New Competitors Kathy Kudler found an open market for a gourmet food store in the late nineties. Since that time, epicurean cooking has grown into a rapidly increasing American trend. Mintel International Group estimated that serious cooking enthusiasts account for an estimated $25 billion in sales of specialty food and drinks, kitchen appliances, and other kitchen related spending (Moran, 2007). As the demand increases there will be new competitors who share Kathys combined interest in gourmet cooking and business opportunities. Additionally, large chain grocery stores are constantly reinventing themselves as customer interests change. These stores can become new competitors as they add products and services currently offered by KFF. Bargaining Power of Suppliers KFF relies on suppliers to offer the best possible prices and timely delivery. Management understands the importance of these suppliers, their services, and continuing a positive relationship with each vendor. Marketing has recently emphasized the need to reduce ordering costs, minimize the quantity of food ordered, and make sure a product does not sell-out. The purchasing department followed up with a supplier relations program currently being rolled-out (University of Phoenix, Marketing Overview). Bargaining Power of Customers A 2007 customer survey indicated that 85% of customers surveyed believed the merchandise sold was a good value for their money (University of Phoenix, 2007 Market Survey). This survey showed favorable responses regarding store hours, product selection, product quality, and overall satisfaction. Through this survey, KFF management realized that their customer service and staff knowledge was not at an acceptable level. The marketing department has proposed new initiatives that will cater to the customer including cooking classes and frequent buyer points programs (University of Phoenix, Marketing Overview). Threat of Substitute Products or Services KFF products are the primary factor in their success. Kathy Kudler has managed to create an enterprise based on desirable products and the trend of home-based gourmet cooking. As trends continue to change, KFF will need to adjust to consumer demand. Rivalry Among Existing Firms in the Industry KFF continues to encounter rivalries in the industry. Trader Joes currently has 10 locations in San Diego county, including a store in Encintas and one in La Jolla (Trader Joes). Whole Foods has over 20 stores throughout Southern California including one store in La Jolla (Whole Foods Market). Understanding the power of rivalries, recent KFF marketing strategies include advertising in all forms of media and hosting public relations events and programs (Marketing Overview). The sales and marketing department has approved additional expenditures on market analysis through size and opportunity studies, food marketing trend studies, and benchmarking. KFF is aware of many influences affecting corporate success. By exploring KFF’s history, examining their current business and identifying future strategic implementations, this paper has demonstrated KFF’s thorough attention to leadership functions, technology advantage, and competitive forces. References Gomez-Mejia, L.R. Balkin, D.B. (2002). Management. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition E-Text]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved March 25, 2008 from University of Phoenix, Resource MBA/502 Managing the Business Enterprise. Moran, M. (2007, July 1). The Gourmet Retailer. Cooking Enthusiasts Drive Specialty Market. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from gourmetretailer.com/gourmetretailer/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003606103imw=Y. Trader Joes. (n.d.). Where the dickens can you find a Trader Joes. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from http://traderjoes.com/Attachments/SC.pdf Turban, E., Rainer, K.R., Potter, R.. (2003). Introduction to Information Technology. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition E-Text]. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Retrieved March 25, 2008 from University of Phoenix, Resource MBA/502 Managing the Business Enterprise. University of Phoenix. (n.d.). 2007 Market Survey. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, Virtual Organization Portal: Kudler Fine Foods, MBA/502 Managing the Business Enterprise. University of Phoenix. (n.d.). Job Description. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, Virtual Organization Portal: Kudler Fine Foods, MBA/502 Managing the Business Enterprise. University of Phoenix. (n.d.). Information Technology: Networks. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, Virtual Organization Portal: Kudler Fine Foods, MBA/502 Managing the Business Enterprise. University of Phoenix. (n.d.). Marketing Overview. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, Virtual Organization Portal: Kudler Fine Foods, MBA/502 Managing the Business Enterprise. University of Phoenix. (n.d.). Supply Chain Overview. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, Virtual Organization Portal: Kudler Fine Foods, MBA/502 Managing the Business Enterprise. Whole Foods Market. (2007). Store Locations. Southern California. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from wholefoodsmarket.com/stores/list_stores.php?state=C Research Papers on Management Assessment of Kudler Fine FoodThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalDefinition of Export QuotasResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaGenetic Engineering

Public Service Broadcasters in the United Kingdom Thesis Proposal

Public Service Broadcasters in the United Kingdom - Thesis Proposal Example The outcome of the research paper will reveal the requirement for both political independence and political accountability of public service broadcasters in the U.K., the part played by regulators in ensuring these partially conflicting aims, and whether they have been able to achieve their objectives. A comparative perspective will be provided by comparing and contrasting the U.K. experience with that of another country. There are over ten statutory and self-regulatory bodies for media and communications in the UK (Collins and Murroni 1996). To support policy making with specific aims and techniques, meaningful rationales for regulatory interventions have to be determined (Harcourt 2005). There is a requirement for content regulation by Ofcom’s â€Å"Content Board† established by the 2003 Act (Open Society Institute 2009), and for economic regulation of public service broadcasting because of technological The main goal of public broadcasting is to engage viewers and listeners in a dialogue about public life. General characterization of the audiences (Freedman 2008), and a need for Independent of government or vested interests, public broadcasting aims to develop the concept of a shared public life correlating with national or regional communities. Broadcasters committed to quality and creativity contribute to social healing and provide information as well as enjoyment. A profoundly democratic phenomenon through which public opinion is expressed and established (Tracey 1998). Hutchison (1999) emphasizes the function of media policy towards maintaining broadcasting freedom, democracy, the enlightenment of the public, as well protecting the state, the citizen and the society. Various critiques about public service broadcasting include the fact that because of independent television, the BBC is unable to get the audience it requires to justify its license fee monopoly (Franklin 2001).  

Four Stages of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Four Stages of Leadership - Essay Example Teamwork is also essential for any success of a leader (Stagish, 2006). This is because when a leader does not work with the employees, but instead issues orders, the employees can fail to work effectively. Through teamwork, the satisfaction of the employees will increase. There will be the creation of good ideas that will come out of the association between the leaders and employees (Kramer, 2002). For people to trust the leaders in a company, the leader has to portray some behaviors deemed ethical by the society. The leader should be honest in all the work that he does in the organization (Porter-O’Grady, 2010). He should be sincere when dealing with all employees and not exhibit double standard while issuing orders. The leaders should also have integrity. This means that, in all the decisions that he has to make, he should have the same stand. He should be able to show competence in his dealings. This means that the basis of his decisions should not rely on his emotions or his desires. The leader should also depict intelligence to their juniors. The employees will thus trust the leader’s opinion, since his intellect can be trusted. Vital behaviors are necessary for a leader to adapt and ensure that he achieves teamwork in all his dealings. The leader has to ensure he understands the benefits of teamwork. He should know that, through teamwork, creative ideas could crop up (Shockley-Zalabak, 2010). The leader should thus aim to encourage all employees to participate actively in meetings and jobs that they do. This will lead to the employees helping each other the moment they get a problem. The result will be a better time management as less time is wasted. Second level The organization should adapt the synergic approach. I believe that leaders of an organization can work well with the employees to make certain that they realize the objectives of the organization as well as benefit the society. This can be a milestone in increasing the growth of t he company (Holmes, 2005). The company needs to ensure the employees understand the need to please the society and achieve the goals of the company. The leader of the company should share and find ways of achieving the goals of the company through teamwork. The employees will then learn to help each other in the company, especially when they are in the same field in the organization. This is because when the employees work together, they learn to come up with an idea that works very well in a situation. The leader can analyze the effect of the change in the active participation of employees in the team (Salas, 2001). This way, they will appreciate teamwork, internalize it and use it in all the activities they do in the company. The leaders should also build their trust in the employees. They can do this by sharing with them and showing them that they can be trusted. Leaders should understand the imperativeness of earning the trust of the employees. Their consistency and competence a re what the employees will use to judge and trust them. A leader can openly tell the employees that he can be trusted, and act in ways that make the employees believe him. Third Level The purpose of the company should be to offer the best services for the clients of the organization. They should be very kind and respectful to them regardless of the attitude of the clients. This means that they should be very tolerant will all the clients. The employees should also be able to make

Ethnic Diversity in the Uk Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Diversity in the Uk Essay Immigration, annexation, and colonialism are processes that may create subordinate groups. Other processes such as extermination and expulsion may remove the presence of a subordinate group. Significant for racial and ethnic oppression in the United States today is the distinction between assimilation and pluralism. Assimilation demands subordinate-group conformity to the dominant group, and pluralism implies mutual respect among diverse groups. The definition of ethnicity people value differently for each of the primary and secondary factors Primary whether it be Race, Nationality, Language, Religion, Perceived Ethnic Identity. Secondary whether it be Social status, residential concentrations, age, gender and caste. The processes which create and maintain ethnic diversity are such as Colonisation, annexation and international migration showing the role of those processes that create ethnic diversity in one country. The problems that come with the processes is ethnic diversity whether it be Segregation, pluralism, multiculturalism and discrimination that also shows the economic, social and spatial outcomes of ethnic diversity’ showing the role of these processes and their outcomes for one ethnically diverse city. The problem with Britain is that has been colonised over the centuries by various groups from Romans (introducing the catholic religion as a new ethnicity) the introduction of one of the first colonial powers to rule the British empire. The British isles came together as a political unit through annexation over a number of centuries culminating in Ireland. First wave of Immigrants was in the mid nineteenth century when thousands of Irish fled the potato famine and came to cities with major ports e. g. Liverpool in aid of work and living this is classified as international migration. Most significant increase in ethnic diversity in Britain started in the 1950s. During two world wars hundreds of thousands of men from across the empire had fought for Britain. India alone provided 1. 3 million soldiers. During these years many remained in Britain, forming small ethnic communities in ports this was due to India being a colonial country under British rule. A Number of Jewish immigrants also fled to Britain from the nazi oppression in Europe. At the end of the WWII there work shortages throughout Europe and Britain. 157,000 polish immigrants arrived in Britain in search of work. Shortly after where joined by the Italians but there was still a labour shortage and eventually workers were recruited from the colonies this is all international migration due to it being an economical climate issue. 22nd June 1948, the empire wind rush brought the first of many West Indians to live and work in Britain during the 1950s. In 1956, London transport was struggling to find workers so advertised in Barbados, Trinidad and Jamaica for bus drivers and conductors. More and more immigrants flocked to Britain throughout the years from Barbadians, West Indians in 1958 and in the 1960s they were joined by immigrants from Indian sub continent which had become India, west and east Pakistan, following independence from Britain. The new immigrants were different to the rest as instead of flocking to the port areas they moved to the London area filling low paid, unskilled jobs in factories and the service sector. Car engineering in car manufacturers in the West Midlands were another focus. They frequently established clusters or neighbourhoods in the poorest areas in the inner cities Toxteth in Liverpool, Brixton and Bethnal Green in London. In most cases the new immigrants eventually established their own places of worship and other ethnic services. These new immigrants were not welcomed easily into British society and there were protests at their arrival. The government reacted by amending the British nationality Act to make it more difficult for non white immigrants to bring their family members with them. In spit of this, the numbers of non-white residents continued to grow and by 1970 they numbered 1. 5 million, one third of these were children born in Britain. Racial prejudice was quite widespread and there were racially motivated riots in the 1980s. Riots were started by claims that ethnic minorities, especially black male youths, were being targeted by the police. These minorities are being represented by racial unequal treatment. The amount of ethnics taking and filling British jobs is causing ethnic conflict between white Caucasian. conflict sociologists see the social world as being in continual struggle. The conflict perspective assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between the competing groups within Britain. The result of this conflict is significant economic disparity and structural inequality in education, the labor market, housing, and healthcare delivery. Specifically, society is a struggle between the privileged (the dominant group) and the exploited (the subordinate groups). Such conflicts need not be physically violent and may take the form of immigration restrictions, real estate practices, or disputes over cuts in the federal budget.

Wuthering Heights Heathcliff Essay -- English Literature Heathcliff V

Wuthering Heights' Heathcliff "Wuthering Heights" centres on the story of Heathcliff. The first paragraph provides a vivid physical picture of him, as Lockwood describes how his "black eyes" withdraw suspiciously under his brows at Lockwood's approach. Nelly's story begins with his introduction into the Earnshaw family. His vengeful desire to do evil and his love for Catherine drive the entire plot. Heathcliff, however, defies being understood and it is difficult for the reader to resist seeing what they want to see in him. By the name Heath-cliff it hints to the reader that he is empty like a heath or dangerous like a cliff. The house which he is brought to also gives the reader a picture of stormy bad weather. Bronte teases the reader with two sides to his character. One that his cruelty is only an expression of his frustrated love for Catherine and thus seen as a romantic hero. The other, a demon or a devil who is hungry for recognition, money and power and thus seen as a villain. A romantic hero in a novel is usually someone who appears dangerous, daring or cold at first who later emerges to be fiercely devoted and loving. A villain is usually someone who's violent and ill disposed towards others, the wicked enemy of the hero in a story or play. As soon as Heathcliff entered the home after being picked up from the streets of Liverpool he caused havoc and jealousy. He upset the family and above all Hindley, as Mr. Earnshaw seemed to have a soft spot for him. Heathcliff abused from this and used it as an opportunity to blackmail Hindley. Once, when the father gave them two horses, Heathcliffs' appeared to have a defect so he made Hindley change with him or he would have his father of the beating... ...e would be with Catherine again he saw happiness "last night I was at the threshold of death, alone, I am within sight of my heaven. I have my eyes on it hardly three feet to sever me!" Bronte was very successful in combining two completely distinct characters into one man. As the reader has seen Heathcliff could either be seen as a romantic hero somewhat like Romeo in "Romeo and Juliet" who at the end of the play took his own life to be with his love Juliet as he could not stand being alone in this world without her or as a tyrant who destroyed the lives and futures of two families. In my opinion I see Heathcliff as a villain he managed single handedly to win his way from nothing. Nevertheless happiness is restored at the end of the novel moral rightness is restored when Hareton and Cathy get married and the two house holds are left to rest in peace. Wuthering Heights' Heathcliff Essay -- English Literature Heathcliff V Wuthering Heights' Heathcliff "Wuthering Heights" centres on the story of Heathcliff. The first paragraph provides a vivid physical picture of him, as Lockwood describes how his "black eyes" withdraw suspiciously under his brows at Lockwood's approach. Nelly's story begins with his introduction into the Earnshaw family. His vengeful desire to do evil and his love for Catherine drive the entire plot. Heathcliff, however, defies being understood and it is difficult for the reader to resist seeing what they want to see in him. By the name Heath-cliff it hints to the reader that he is empty like a heath or dangerous like a cliff. The house which he is brought to also gives the reader a picture of stormy bad weather. Bronte teases the reader with two sides to his character. One that his cruelty is only an expression of his frustrated love for Catherine and thus seen as a romantic hero. The other, a demon or a devil who is hungry for recognition, money and power and thus seen as a villain. A romantic hero in a novel is usually someone who appears dangerous, daring or cold at first who later emerges to be fiercely devoted and loving. A villain is usually someone who's violent and ill disposed towards others, the wicked enemy of the hero in a story or play. As soon as Heathcliff entered the home after being picked up from the streets of Liverpool he caused havoc and jealousy. He upset the family and above all Hindley, as Mr. Earnshaw seemed to have a soft spot for him. Heathcliff abused from this and used it as an opportunity to blackmail Hindley. Once, when the father gave them two horses, Heathcliffs' appeared to have a defect so he made Hindley change with him or he would have his father of the beating... ...e would be with Catherine again he saw happiness "last night I was at the threshold of death, alone, I am within sight of my heaven. I have my eyes on it hardly three feet to sever me!" Bronte was very successful in combining two completely distinct characters into one man. As the reader has seen Heathcliff could either be seen as a romantic hero somewhat like Romeo in "Romeo and Juliet" who at the end of the play took his own life to be with his love Juliet as he could not stand being alone in this world without her or as a tyrant who destroyed the lives and futures of two families. In my opinion I see Heathcliff as a villain he managed single handedly to win his way from nothing. Nevertheless happiness is restored at the end of the novel moral rightness is restored when Hareton and Cathy get married and the two house holds are left to rest in peace.

Small-Scale Fish Farming in Bangladesh

Small-scale fish farming in Bangladesh Introduction For many people in Bangladesh small-scale fish farming is an important opportunity to generate income and is a significant nutritional source providing protein-rich food all year round. It comprises of a range of options that can be adapted to suit the needs and capacity of people living in rural Bangladesh. The two approaches commonly implemented on a small scale are: †¢ Local pond fish farming Open water fish farming in lakes, rivers, dams and reservoirs The benefit to low-income farmers is that they are able to invest in fish cultivation when there is sufficient income, which will then be able to generate additional income and food when other sources of income are limited. Much of Bangladesh is flooded annually during the monsoon season as water flows into the country through the Ganga (Ganges), Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers. This provides an extensive range of habitats for wild and cultivated fish species.Fish catches are h ighest after the monsoon rains when supplies of other foods, such as rice, are low. With so much water, fishing plays a vital role in the economy of rural villages. Fish farming options Capital intensive One of the main trends in fish culture over recent years has been towards capital-intensive, high-input high-yield systems, which can dramatically improve the rate of production if operated in ideal conditions. The development of practical hatching techniques has vastly improved fish cultivation and allowed careful breeding and selection of desired species to take place.Although these techniques were introduced to Bangladesh some years ago, it has taken time for them to become established. Commercially produced fish have become a significant proportion of the total fish supply. But intensive cultivation methods increase the cost of fish production beyond the reach of poorer farmers. Consequently, alternative low-cost approaches have been promoted by NGOs working in the country. Fish farming for the poorAn enormous variety of water bodies, including rivers, irrigation canals, flood plains, beels (large depressions), ox bow lakes and ponds are dispersed throughout Bangladesh offering considerable potential for fish cultivation, but a general lack of capital, access to resources and knowledge means that many farmers are unable to provide all the commercial inputs required for intensive production methods. An alternative low-cost approach is more appropriate for many people, relying on existing water bodies and natural vegetation and household waste, supplemented with animal protein in the form of snails and homemade supplements for fish feed.Many NGOs are adopting strategies to minimise the inherent riskiness of fish culture by undertaking research into low-input systems, low-cost technology, fast growing species and alternative management practices. Pond culture Site selection is an important factor in the success of a fish farm but the ideal site is usually not available to poorer families. Site location will be dependent on a number of factors: †¢ The fish species being raised. †¢ Soil quality, which affects water quality and productivity. †¢ An adequate supply of water. †¢ Land ownership. Marketplace and market conditions. †¢ Fish food and other inputs available to the farmer. †¢ Groups adjacent to water. †¢ More than 1 metre water retention capacity for at least 6 months of the year. †¢ Pollution free. Ideally, the fishpond should be 0. 5 to 1. 0 metres at the shallow end and sloping to 1. 5 to 2 . 0 metres at the drain end. Drain vales, baffle boards or tilt-over standpipes should be incorporated into the design. It should be possible to drain the pond within three days. The edges of the pond should have a slope of 2:1 or 3:1 on all sides.If possible the pond should be located to take advantage of the effect of the wind on the surface of the pond to mix the water; although locations that are too windy can cause erosion of dykes. If the site is very windy the long side of the pond should be at right angles to the prevailing wind. Hedges and trees can be used to protect the pond. In practice, existing ponds and pools are abundant in Bangladesh, often located near to farmers’ homes. Small-scale fish cultivation is mainly a secondary occupation for farmers. These ponds tend to be small (less than 0. 5 acres) and do not have any water drain facility. They are commonly referred to as fishponds but are in fact â€Å"borrow pits†, where earth has been removed for building. Fish breading is just one of the activities that the ponds are used for. Other uses may include domestic water use, washing, irrigation or duck keeping. Ponds are occasionally integrated into paddy fields as additional ditches. Consequently, the ponds have many limitations for producing fish. In managing the ponds there are many potential problems to be considered, including: †¢ Broken pond ba nks; check the pond walls on a regular basis. An irregular water supply, too much water in the monsoon season and too little in the summer. †¢ Predators; check the pond for signs of snake and rat holes. The Boal fish is a particular menace that eats smaller fish. †¢ Grazing animals can damage the pond banks and should be kept out of the way. †¢ Silting or a build up of organic matter; check the bottom of the pond and scoop silt out when required. Mud on the bottom of the ponds can be agitated with a rope to release harmful gasses. †¢ Leakage; check the inlet and outlet on a regular basis. Fish diseases; check the fish on a regular basis. †¢ Poor water quality; lime can be added to improve the water quality. Open water fish farming Open water fish farming is particularly suited to Bangladesh with its many water sources. Cages or pens are used to separate an area of larger water bodies for fish cultivation. The selected water source should be of good quality w ith low turbidity. Dams and reservoirs primarily exist to store water but as a secondary function these bodies of water can be stocked with fingerlings or fry and the fish can be harvested later on using nets.In river locations a slow current is necessary and there should be little disturbance from water traffic. The disadvantages are: †¢ Fish farmers have little control of the water, as they do not own the dam or reservoir. †¢ Water cannot be drained, as the main function of the resource is to provide water. †¢ There are likely to be more predators of the fish in the water. †¢ It is not possible to feed or fertilize the water, as occurs in more intensive fish farming, so there is a reliance on naturally occurring fish food. There is a potential risk from disease but stock held in small-scale cages scattered around villages will probably be less vulnerable than stock held in more concentrated and centralized commercial systems. †¢ The risk from theft and van dalism is a serious problem in some places. This is especially real for the poorest people who are perceived as easy victims. †¢ A significant expansion of cage culture activities in some villages could lead to local depletion of snail or other foods, to the detriment of ducks and other domestic and wild animals. †¢ Multiple ownership of ponds can be a major drawback to the effective use of such resources.Consensus over access to the water for the poor has to be developed. Figure 2: Bilkish Begum and Hamida Begum working with fish cages (Photo credit: Practical Action / Zul) Fish cages Cages are used as a form of farming in their own right within flowing or large bodies of water and can also be used in small pond fish culture to protect fingerlings in the initial stages of development. Small cages with a capacity of one cubic metre are suitable for fingerling protection. The cage can hold up to 300 fish at a time. People grow fish in their local ponds using a simple fish c age known locally as a â€Å"hapa†.A few young fish are put into each â€Å"hapa†, which acts as their home, floating just below the surface of the pond. Cage construction Cages can be made using a few cheap materials. Bamboo poles form an outer frame that is covered in netting; inside is a â€Å"nursery† section for the younger, more delicate fish; and floats are added at the corners. A cage is a very simple means of restraining fish in one place and it can be easily made using local materials. Cage design must incorporate certain physical properties, including the ability to hold fish securely but also to be within the financial means of the cage operators.The cages presently used are small in size, measuring between 1 and 2m3, inexpensive and simple to construct. Farmers use both fixed and floating cages. In general, fixed cages are installed in water where the depth is relatively low and bamboo poles can be fixed into the riverbed or substrate. Floating cage s do not have this limitation and can be used in deep water. Floating cages tend to be easier to manage but when selecting the type and design the following points should be considered: †¢ Ability †¢ Input availability †¢ Natural disaster †¢ Type of water body Water depth †¢ Water current †¢ Water retention period over one year †¢ Social problem †¢ Cage management Fixed cages Fixed cages are very easy to construct and only require a small amount of capital investment. The materials needed to make fixed cages are netting with an 8mm mesh size, bamboo, rope, twine and sinker. Routine management is difficult for these cages and storms, strong currents, tidal surges and flooding may cause damage if precautionary measures are not taken. Fixed cages are difficult to move from one place to another during water fluctuation.A top cover is usually provided on cages to reduce the risk of fish escaping, especially in areas prone to flash floods where wate r levels rise very quickly. A small opening is kept at one edge or in the middle of the top covering for feeding purposes. A feeding platform made of fine mesh is placed on the bottom of each cage to minimise food loss. To fix the cage, four bamboo poles are fixed in the substrate and the four top and bottom corners of the cage are tied to the bamboo poles with nylon rope, allowing the cage netting to stretch.To minimise installation cost and to reduce daily management labour, cages are sometimes fixed in rows with a narrow space between the adjacent cages. Floating cages The size of the cage is usually 1m3. A top net is always used to minimise escapees because the cage is only a few centimetres above the water surface. The top of the cage is on hinges that can be opened to allow feeding, the checking of fish, the removal of waste and harvesting. A layer of fine mesh net is placed along the bottom of the cage and 10 centimetres up each side which reduces food loss.However, where wat er has a high turbidity, the use of fine mesh is not recommended as it clogs up the mesh and causes structural stress on the cage frame. In these areas, feeding trays should be used instead of fine mesh. Buoyancy is achieved by using four plastic floats (buoys) which are tied to the four horizontal frames, approximately 10 centimetres from the top of the cage. Bamboo frame cage To make a 1m3 bamboo cage, twelve one metre long bamboo sticks (about 2cm in diameter) are required and fixed into the holes of the angles, one angle for each corner, giving a box shape. Advantages and disadvantages of fixed and floating cages | |Fixed cages |Floating cages | |Advantages | |Cost per unit is small |Water volume remains constant even with a fluctuation in the water | |Not damaged by storms |level | |Easy age management |Cage can be installed in deep water | |Cage bags spread properly in the water |Floating cage with box type frame gives adequate space inside | |Easy to construct | |In tidal water bodies the effective cage depth is greater | |Disadvantages | |Water depth inside cage varies with the fluctuation of the water |Cost per unit is higher than fixed cages | |level |Algae deposits on cage net affect the water exchange | |Vulnerable to tidal surge and storm |Cage management i. e. cleaning, moving and sampling are not easy | |Cage cannot be installed in all types of water bodies |Due to water flow sometimes the cage bag does not spread properly | |Prone to crab cutting |Easy to steal fish by lifting the cage | |Poorer fish growth and higher mortality rate |During flooding may wash away | Cage managementCare of cages – cleaning of aquatic weeds nearby, removal of water hyacinth, cleaning of waste feeds from cages, cleaning of deposited silts from cage, removal of dead fishes, checking cage frames, floats, ties, anchors, feeding trays etc. , cage shifting, considering the water level, checking water pollution and guarding. Care of net – Algae attachme nt should be cleaned at regular basis to ensure water exchange, net holes must be checked properly and need quick repairing when necessary. Care of fish – profitability depends on proper attention to the fish growth, regular, adequate and quality feeding is important. Fish health and disease should be monitored during feeding and sampling.The fish must be fed daily using aquatic weed or a mixture of rice bran, oil cakes, kitchen waste, chopped snails or cow dung. Minimising risk of cage culture †¢ Appropriate cage design can help minimise failure. †¢ The use of more than one cage per household greatly reduces the risk of an individual losing all fish. †¢ Placing many cages together in clusters also reduces the risk of poaching. †¢ Individual farmers can form groups that can guard the fish and therefore considerably reduce potential poaching threats. Fish types Fish is an important part of the diet for the people in Bangladesh providing protein calcium, fat ty acids and vitamins.Traditionally, a variety of local species were used in ponds, mainly carp, caught from the wild as spawn (fertilised eggs or small fish). One of the main drawbacks of this source of supply is that along with the desired fish species come many undesirable ones Most of the species currently used in the cages in Bangladesh are exotics. However, for decades these fish have bred naturally and distributed themselves throughout the flood plains and the delta. Common fish types The selection a suitable fish species will depend on various biological and economic factors, such as; †¢ Market price †¢ Growth rate †¢ Ability to reproduce simple culture of young fish Match of fish and available fish feed †¢ Water temperature is an important criteria in assessing which fish species is suitable. The main types of cultivated fish are Carp, Tilapia and Catfish. Other fish suitable to cultivation are eel, tawes, mullet, snakeskin, and rohu. Some fish are more suitable to pond conditions than others, some fish will not adapt the confined conditions while others such as the indigenous Koi (Anabas testidunous) have been found to thrive in cages. Small indigenous species In addition to the main cultivated species there are many indigenous breeds of fish that play an important role in the nutrition of the population.These fish are classed as small indigenous species although not all fish within this classification are particularly small. Of the 260 species of fresh water fish found locally, over 140 species are classified as Small Indigenous Species (SIS) and account for over 80% of the total catch, consumed by the poorer section, as preferred species. The term SIS would seem to be a recent re interpretation of the Bangla word chotmach (literally small fish) as opposed to Boromach (literally large fish). Common fish within the small indigenous species category include: Figure 3: Bilkish with prepared food for her fish (Photo credit: Practical Action / Zul) †¢ Small catfish †¢ Knifefishes Snakeheads †¢ Needlefishes †¢ Minnows, Rasboras, and bards †¢ Loaches †¢ Anchovies and sardines †¢ Spiny eels †¢ Climbing perch †¢ Gobies †¢ Mud Perches †¢ Glassfishes †¢ Fresh water prawns Small, low-value fish are particularly important for the extremely poor after the rice harvest when the demand for their labour declines. Feeding the fish With the non-intensive approach it is possible to feed fish on nothing more than scraps and waste, duck weed, oil cake, kitchen waste, rice bran and snails which will provide all the nutrition required. Some low-cost feeds are bought in by the households, typically rice bran and oilcake, but these costs are minimal.Occasionally, the diet may be supplemented with commercially available compound feeds. In most cases a mixture of diets is offered, according to their availability and needs of the fish. Fish harvesting and marketing Growth is r apid in the warm climate of Bangladesh and the fish attain marketable size within 3-9 months, providing farmers with a rapid return on their investment and labour. Fingerling production culture cycle is between 1 and 2 months. Cage nursery producers can sell fingerlings to the pond farmers and ox-bow lake operators. Fish for food culture cycle is between 4 and 6 months. Fish food producers consume the cage fish as well as selling them in the market.Figure 4: A group of landless women discussing finances in Madaripur (Photo credit: Practical Action / Neil Cooper) Profitability depends on many factors including the type of water body and culture, cage construction materials, the choice of fish species, fingerling size and price, stocking density, feed price, availability of protein rich feed, culture duration, cage management, harvesting and marketing. Another concern relates to economies of scale. Almost all enterprises are subject to economies of scale, and cage culture is no except ion. The labour of looking after one small cage is far greater per kilogram of product than that for looking after a large one.The cost of the cage per kilogram of production will also be higher for a small cage versus a large cage. However, co-operative use of labour can be used to realise economies of scale in relation to labour, and this is already done in many villages. The third concern, related to the second, is comparative advantage. A significant proportion of the fish is intended to be sold for cash rather than consumed by the farmer and his family. In the medium term, an important question is whether small-scale producers in villages are well placed to compete – either with larger commercial producers, or producers from elsewhere. If they are not, and if competition increases, then prices – and returns – will steadily decline.In practice there is strong local demand for fish throughout the country, and small-scale producers are well placed to serve wid ely-dispersed rural markets. Secondly, the use of surplus off-season and/or family labour is itself a comparative advantage. Thirdly, in those systems which use local food resources, such as natural foods and kitchen wastes, feed costs are relatively low compared with those for commercial producers. Small-scale fish producers should therefore be able to survive competition in much the same way as village-scale poultry producers have survived, and even to some extent benefit from the increasing number of intensive poultry operations. References and further reading †¢ Small-scale Freshwater Fish Farming by van Ear et al.Agromisa 1996 †¢ Cage and Pen Fish Farming: Carrying Capacity Models and Environmental Impact FAO Fisheries Technicla Paper 225, 1984 †¢ Food, Livelihoods and Freshwater Ecology: The Significance of Small Indigenous Fish Species, ITDG Bangladesh, 1999 For further information, please contact: Practical Action The Schumacher Centre for Technology and Devel opment Bourton-on-Dunsmore Warwickshire CV23 9QZ United Kingdom Tel: + 44 (0)1926 634400 Fax: + 44 (0)1926 634401 E-mail [email  protected] org. uk Website: www. practicalaction. org Practical Action Bangladesh G. P. O. Box 3881 Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh Tel: + 880 – (0)2 – 8111934, 9110060, 9123671 Fax: + 880 – (0)2 – 8113134 E-mail: [email  protected] org. bd